Biology Notes

 ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

•          Isotonic : the solution in which the concentration of solutes are equal

•          Hypertonic : the solution with a higher solute concentration (concentrated)

•          Hypotonic : the solution with a lower solute concentration (dilute)

Example

SOME RELEVANT FACTS

•          The Red blood cell are isotonic to 0.85% @ 0.15 M of sodium chloride (or 0.28% M glucose solution). The biconcave shape is maintained.

•          Cell sap of onion cells are isotonic to 0.5 M @ 17% sucrose solution. Cells remain turgid.

ISOTONIC SOLUTION
 

•     - Isotonic solution is a solution in which the concentration of solutes is equal to that of cytoplasmic of the animal cell @ cell sap of the plant cell.

- water diffuse into and out of the cell at equal rates.

- there is no net movement of water across  the plasma membrane ( no net gain @ loss of water)

- the cell retain their normal shape.

 ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS IN ISOTONIC SOLUTION

 

• cytoplasm contains water, solute and other substances. 
• contain cytoplasmic fluid that is surrounded by interstitial fluid. 
• Hence, the cells are constantly subjected to osmosis.

 

•        Plant cells :

 The plants cell in isotonic solution 

normal shape is retain

 

• water, solute and other substances are stored in  vacuole (cell sap). 
• The cell wall is fully permeable to solutes and water 
• Hence the cells are constantly subjected to osmosis.

 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

 

•            Hypotonic solution : a solutions which contain a higher concentration of water compared to    cytoplasm @ cell sap (contain a lower concentration of solute). 

•        So, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell.

  

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS IN HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

 HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

       Hypertonic solution: a solutions which contain a higher concentration of solute compared to cytoplasm @ cell sap (contain a lower concentration of water).

•        So, there is a net movement of water from inside into the outside of the cell. 

     ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS IN HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

 THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION ON ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

 

Type of solution	Type of cell	Process	Appearance of the cells
Hypotonic	Animal cell	Haemolysis	Haemolysed
	Plant cell	-	Turgid
Hypertonic	Animal cell	Crenation	Crenated
	Plant cell	Plasmolysis	Flaccid

STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

Phospholipids Bilayer

The picture above show a structure of phospholipids bilayer. This structure can be found on the plasma membrane. The components of this structures are:

1. Phospholipids

2. Protein

3. Chloesterol

Phospholipids

The structure of phospholipids consists of :

1. Hydrophilic Head - love water molecule

2. Hydrophobic Tail - hate water molecule 

Stucture of Phospholipids

Protein

There are two proteins:

1. Carrier protein

2. Pore protein

Example of substances that can pass through into :

1. Carries protein - Large water molecule [ Glucose and Amino Acids]

2. Pore protein - Small water molecule [ Ions]

Cholesterol

Makes the bilayer stronger, more flexible and 

less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions

Resources: Biology Text Book Form 5

COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

Comparison between plant cell and animal cell