Biology Notes

 ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

          Isotonic : the solution in which the concentration of solutes are equal
          Hypertonic : the solution with a higher solute concentration (concentrated)
          Hypotonic : the solution with a lower solute concentration (dilute)

Example

SOME RELEVANT FACTS

          The Red blood cell are isotonic to 0.85% @ 0.15 M of sodium chloride (or 0.28% M glucose solution). The biconcave shape is maintained.

          Cell sap of onion cells are isotonic to 0.5 M @ 17% sucrose solution. Cells remain turgid.


ISOTONIC SOLUTION
 
     - Isotonic solution is a solution in which the concentration of solutes is equal to that of cytoplasmic of the animal cell @ cell sap of the plant cell.
- water diffuse into and out of the cell at equal rates.
- there is no net movement of water across  the plasma membrane ( no net gain @ loss of water)
- the cell retain their normal shape.

 ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS IN ISOTONIC SOLUTION
 
  • cytoplasm contains water, solute and other substances. 
  • contain cytoplasmic fluid that is surrounded by interstitial fluid. 
  • Hence, the cells are constantly subjected to osmosis.
 
        Plant cells :

 The plants cell in isotonic solution 
normal shape is retain
 
  • water, solute and other substances are stored in  vacuole (cell sap). 
  • The cell wall is fully permeable to solutes and water 
  • Hence the cells are constantly subjected to osmosis.

 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
 
            Hypotonic solution : a solutions which contain a higher concentration of water compared to    cytoplasm @ cell sap (contain a lower concentration of solute). 
        So, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell.

  
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS IN HYPOTONIC SOLUTION




 HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
       Hypertonic solution: a solutions which contain a higher concentration of solute compared to cytoplasm @ cell sap (contain a lower concentration of water).
        So, there is a net movement of water from inside into the outside of the cell. 

     ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS IN HYPERTONIC SOLUTION


 THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION ON ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

 
Type of solution
Type of cell
Process
Appearance of the cells
Hypotonic
Animal
cell
Haemolysis
Haemolysed
Plant
cell
-
Turgid
Hypertonic Animal cell
Crenation
Crenated
Plant cell
Plasmolysis
Flaccid













STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

Phospholipids Bilayer



The picture above show a structure of phospholipids bilayer. This structure can be found on the plasma membrane. The components of this structures are:
1. Phospholipids
2. Protein
3. Chloesterol

Phospholipids
The structure of phospholipids consists of :
1. Hydrophilic Head - love water molecule
2. Hydrophobic Tail - hate water molecule 


Stucture of Phospholipids



Protein
There are two proteins:
1. Carrier protein
2. Pore protein

Example of substances that can pass through into :
1. Carries protein - Large water molecule [ Glucose and Amino Acids]
2. Pore protein - Small water molecule [ Ions]


Cholesterol
Makes the bilayer stronger, more flexible and 
less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions


Resources: Biology Text Book Form 5

COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL


ANIMAL CELL



PLANT CELL


Comparison between plant cell and animal cell

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